Here is the list of grammatical items you need to know for the NSW HSC Beginnersโ course exam. If you click any word/phrase in blue, another page or video will be displayed with relevant explanation.
plain form | 1-dan verb | 5-dan verb | ใadjective | ใชadjective | noun |
non past affirmative | ๏ฝใ ใในใ | ๏ฝ-u ใฎใ | ๏ฝใ ใใใใ | ๏ฝใ ใใใใใ | ๏ฝใ ๆฌใ |
past affirmative | ๏ฝใชใ ใในใชใ | ๏ฝ-aใชใ ใฎใพใชใ | ๏ฝใใชใ ใใใใใชใ | ๏ฝใงใฏ/ใใใชใ ใใใใใงใฏ/ใใใชใ | ๏ฝใงใฏ/ใใใชใ ๆฌใงใฏ/ใใใชใ |
non past negative | ๏ฝใ ใในใ | ๏ฝใ/ใ ใฎใใ | ๏ฝใใฃใ ใใใใใฃใ | ๏ฝใ ใฃใ ใใใใใ ใฃใ | ๏ฝใ ใฃใ ๆฌใ ใฃใ |
past negative | ๏ฝใชใใฃใ ใในใชใใฃใ | ๏ฝ-aใชใใฃใ ใฎใพใชใใฃใ | ๏ฝใใชใใฃใ ใใใใใชใใฃใ | ๏ฝใงใฏ/ใใใชใใฃใ ใใใใใงใฏ/ใใใชใใฃใ | ๏ฝใงใฏ/ใใใชใใฃใ ๆฌใงใฏ/ใใใชใใฃใ |
Irregular verbs
to come | to do | |||
polite | plain | polite | plain | |
non past affirmative | ใใพใ | ใใ | ใใพใ | ใใ |
past affirmative | ใใพใใ | ใใ | ใใพใใ | ใใ |
non past negative | ใใพใใ | ใใชใ | ใใพใใ | ใใชใ |
past negative | ใใพใใใงใใ | ใใชใใฃใ | ใใพใใใงใใ | ใใชใใฃใ |
volitional | ใใพใใใ | ๏ผใใใ๏ผ | ใใพใใใ | ๏ผใใใ๏ผ |
Verbs: ๏ฝใฆ form
Form | Function/Use | Example |
๏ฝใฆ | linking ideas | ๅฎถใซใใใฃใฆใใ ใใ ใใใใพใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใ ใใ | requesting | ใใขใใใใฆใใ ใใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใใใงใ(ใ) | giving (asking) permission | ใใฌใใ่ฆใฆใใใใงใ(ใ)ใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใฏใ ใใงใ | denying permission | ใใฌใใ่ฆใฆใฏใ ใใงใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใฟใพใ | expressing a desire to try to do something | ใใใฟใ้ฃในใฆใฟใพใใ |
Adjectives: ๏ฝใฆ form
Form | Function/Use | Example |
ใadjective:๏ฝใใฆ | linking ideas | ๆฅๆฌ่ชใฏใใใใใใฆใใฎใใใงใใ |
ใชadjective: ๏ฝใง | ใตใๅฑฑใฏใใใใงใใใใใงใใ |
Verbs: ๏ฝใ / ๏ฝใใ / ๏ฝใใ forms
Form | Function/Use | Example |
๏ฝใใใจ๏ผใง๏ผ | expressing when (after) you do something | ใใ ใใ ใใใใใใจใงใใใฌใใ่ฆใพใใ |
๏ฝใใ๏ฝใใ | expressing that you do various activities | ใใใใใ่ใใใใใฌใใ่ฆใใใใพใใ |
Verbs: ๏ฝใพใ Base
Form | Function/Use | Example |
BASE๏ผใใใงใ | expressing what you want to do | ๆตทใซ่กใใใใงใใ |
BASE๏ผใใใจๆใใพใ | expressing what you think youโd like to do | ๆฅๆฌใซ่กใใใใจๆใใพใใ |
BASE๏ผใซ | indicating purpose | ใใใใ่ฆใซ่กใใพใใ |
BASE๏ผใชใใ | indicating actions done simultaneously by the same person | ใใฌใใ่ฆใชใใใใใใ้ฃในใพใใ |
Verbs: Finite Form
Form | Function/Use | Example |
FF๏ผๆ | expressing when you do something (when) | ็งใๆฅๆฌใซ่กใฃใๆโฆ |
FF๏ผๅ | expressing when you do something (before) | ๆฅๆฌใซ่กใๅใซโฆ |
FF๏ผใใจใใงใใพใ | expressing what you can do | ไธญๅฝ่ชใ่ฉฑใใใจใใงใใพใใ |
FF๏ผใคใใใงใ | expressing what you intend to do | ใใใๆตทใซ่กใใคใใใงใใ |
FF๏ผใจๆใใพใ | expressing what you think | ใฟใกๅญใใใๆฅใใจๆใใพใใ |
FF๏ผใใ | giving reasons | ใใใฏใใใใใใใใใฏใใใญใพใใ |
FF๏ผNoun | relative clause | ใใใ่ฆใใใใโฆ ใใฎใ่ฒทใฃใๆฌโฆ |
Nouns, Adjectival Nouns and Adjectives: Finite Form
Form | Function/Use | Example |
FF๏ผใจๆใใพใ | expressing what you think | ใใใใใใฎๆฌใ ใจๆใใพใใ ใใใใ ใจๆใใพใใ ใใใใใใจๆใใพใใ |
FF๏ผใจใใใพใ | quoting what someone said | ใใใใใฏใใใๆฅใใจใใใพใใใ |
FF๏ผใใ | giving reasons | ๅ
็ใฎใใใพใ ใใใงใใ ใใใใใ ใใใงใใ[ใชadjective] ใใคใใใใงใใ[ใadjective] ใใใใตใฃใฆใใใใใงใใ[verb] |
Particles
Particle | Function/Use | Example | ||
ใฏ | topic marker | ็งใฏๆฅๆฌไบบใงใใ | ||
contrast | ๆฌใฏใใใพใใใใใใใฏใใใพใใใ | |||
ใ | subject marker | ใญใใใใพใใ ใพใใใใใๆฅใพใใใ | ||
expressing likes | ๆฅๆฌ่ชใๅฅฝใใงใใ | |||
expressing abilities | ๆฅๆฌ่ชใใงใใพใใ | |||
ใฎ | possessive (of, โs) | ็งใฎๆฌใงใใ ใธใงใณใใใฎใใใใงใใ | ||
possessive pronoun | ็งใฎใงใใ | |||
adjectival | ๆฅๆฌใฎใใใพใงใใ | |||
locational | ใคใใใฎไธใซใใใพใใ | |||
(ใฎ๏ผใใงใ | asking/giving clarification, explanation | ใฉใใใใใงใใใ ใใใพใใใใใใงใใ | ||
ใ | direct object | ใณใผใฉใใฎใฟใพใใ | ||
place of motion (along, through) | ใใฎใฟใกใใพใฃใใ่กใฃใฆใใ ใใใ | |||
ใซ | place of existence (in, at) | ็บใซไฝใใงใใพใใ | ||
position/location | ใธใใซใใพใใ ใคใใใฎไธใซใใใพใใ | |||
destination (to) | ใใใ็บใซ่กใใพใใ | |||
point of time (at, on, in) | ไธๆใซ่กใใพใใ ๆใใๆฅใซใใใพใใใใ ๅไบๆใซ่กใใพใใ | |||
indirect object | ๅ ็ใซ่ใใฆใใ ใใใ | |||
making a decision | ใใใซใใพใใ | |||
purpose | ใใใณใซ่กใใพใใ | |||
ใธ | direction (to) | ๆฅๆฌใธ่กใใพใใ | ||
letter-addressee (to) | ใใๅญใใใธ | |||
ใใ | letter-sender (from) | ใใฟๅญใใ | ||
ใง | place of action | ใฌในใใฉใณใง้ฃในใพใใ | ||
by means of (transport) | ใงใใใใง่กใใพใใ | |||
with (implement) | ใฏใใง้ฃในใพใใ | |||
in (language) | ใฒใใใชใงใใใพใใ | |||
ใจ | linking (and) | ๆฌใจใใฃใใ่ฒทใใพใใ | ||
with (person) | ๅใ ใกใจ่กใใพใใ | |||
ใ | linking (and, etc.) | ๆฌใใใฃใใ่ฒทใใพใใ | ||
ใ | linking (as well, too) | ใใใใใใใใพใใ ๅบๅณถใซใ่กใใใใงใใ | ||
ใ | question marker | ไฝๆใงใใใ | ||
alternative (or) | ใใใดใคใใใณใใใ ใใใ | |||
ใญ/ใญใ | tag question (isnโt it?) | ใใใใใใงใใญใ | ||
ใ | emphasising/exclaiming (!) | ใใถใชใใงใใใ | ||
assuring/gently persuading | ใใใใใงใใใ | |||
Conjunctions
Conjunction | Function/Use | Example |
ใ | linking (but) | ใใๅญฆใฏใคใพใใชใใงใใใๆฅๆฌ่ชใฏใใใใใใงใใ |
ใใฉ/ใใใฉ/ใใใฉใ | linking (but) | ๆฅๆฌใซ่กใใใใใฉ/ใใใฉใใ้ใใใใพใใใ |
Connectives
Connective | Function/Use | Example |
ใใใฆ | and then | ๅ ญๆใซใใใพใใ ใใใฆใทใฃใฏใผใใใณใพใใ |
ใ ใใ | therefore | ใใใพใใใใใงใใใ ใใใญใพใใ |
ใงใ | however | ใใใใในใใใพใใใงใใธใใงใใ |
ใใใใ | after that | ใใ ใใ ใใใใพใใใใใใใใใฌใใ่ฆใพใใใ |
Nominalisers
Nominaliser | Function/Use | Example |
ๆ | nominalisation (time) | ๅญใฉใใฎๆใใใใขใใใชใใฃใฆใใพใใ ๅฐใใๆใชใผในใใฉใชใขใซๆฅใพใใใ |
ใใจ | nominalisation | ใใใใซ่กใใใจใๅฅฝใใงใใ |
ใฎ | nominalisation | ๆฌใใใใฎใๅฅฝใใงใใ |
nominalisation (the one) | ใใใใฎใใใ ใใใ |
Words indicating extent
Word | Function/Use | Example |
ใใ | since, from (a point of time) | ไบๆใใใงใใ |
from (a place) | ใใฉใณในใใๆฅใพใใใ | |
ใพใง | until (a point of time) | ๅๆใพใงในใใใใใใพใใ |
to (a place) | ๅฎถใใๅญฆๆ กใพใงใใใใฆ่กใใพใใ | |
ใใ | approximate point of time | ไธๆใใใใใใพใใ |
ใใใ | approximate amount | ๅใใซใใใใงใใ |
approximate length of time | ไบๅใใใใใใใพใใ | |
approximate length (measurement) | ไบใกใผใใซใใใใงใใ | |
ใใ | comparative (than) | ใใใพใฏใในใใใฏใใใงใใ |
ใปใ | comparative | ใใใใฎใปใใใใใใงใใ |
ใใกใฐใ | superlative (the most) | ใใๅญฆใไธใฐใๅฅฝใใงใใ |
ใ ใ | extent (only) | ็งใ ใ่กใใพใใ |
Counters
General | long slender objects | yen | dollars | cents | people | age (years old) | small animals | books, notebooks | flat objects (plates, sheets of paper, shirts) | order (Number 1, 2, etc) | |
ใค | ๆฌ | ๅ | ใใซ | ใปใณใ | ไบบ | ๆญณ/ๆ | ๅน | ๅ | ๆ | ็ช | |
1 | ใฒใจใค | ใใฃใฝใ | ใใกใใ | ใใกใใซ | ใใฃใปใณใ | ใฒใจใ | ใใฃใใ | ใใฃใดใ | ใใฃใใค | ใใกใพใ | ใใกใฐใ |
2 | ใตใใค | ใซใปใ | ใซใใ | ใซใใซ | ใซใปใณใ | ใตใใ | ใซใใ | ใซใฒใ | ใซใใค | ใซใพใ | ใซใฐใ |
3 | ใฟใฃใค | ใใใผใ | ใใใใ | ใใใใซ | ใใใปใณใ | ใใใซใ | ใใใใ | ใใใณใ | ใใใใค | ใใใพใ | ใใใฐใ |
4 | ใใฃใค | ใใใปใ | ใใใ | ใใใใซ | ใใใปใณใ | ใใซใ | ใใใใ | ใใใฒใ | ใใใใค | ใใใพใ | ใใใฐใ |
5 | ใใคใค | ใใปใ | ใใใ | ใใใซ | ใใปใณใ | ใใซใ | ใใใ | ใใฒใ | ใใใค | ใใพใ | ใใฐใ |
6 | ใใฃใค | ใใฃใฝใ | ใใใใ | ใใใใซ | ใใใปใณใ | ใใใซใ | ใใใใ | ใใฃใดใ | ใใใใค | ใใใพใ | ใใใฐใ |
7 | ใชใชใค | ใชใชใปใ | ใชใชใใ | ใชใชใใซ | ใชใชใปใณใ | ใชใชใซใ | ใชใชใใ | ใชใชใฒใ | ใชใชใใค | ใชใชใพใ | ใชใชใฐใ |
8 | ใใฃใค | ใฏใฃใฝใ ใฏใกใปใ | ใฏใกใใ | ใฏใกใใซ | ใฏใฃใปใณใ ใฏใกใปใณใ | ใฏใกใซใ | ใฏใฃใใ ใฏใกใใ | ใฏใฃใดใ ใฏใกใฒใ | ใฏใฃใใค ใฏใกใใค | ใฏใกใพใ | ใฏใกใฐใ |
9 | ใใใฎใค | ใใ ใใปใ | ใใ ใใใ | ใใ ใใใซ | ใใ ใใปใณใ | ใใ ใใซใ | ใใ ใใใ | ใใ ใใฒใ | ใใ ใใใค | ใใ ใใพใ | ใใ ใใฐใ |
10 | ใจใ | ใใ ใฃใฝใ | ใใ ใใใ | ใใ ใใใซ | ใใ ใฃใปใณใ | ใใ ใใซใ | ใใ ใฃใใ | ใใ ใฃใดใ | ใใ ใฃใใค | ใใ ใใพใ | ใใ ใใฐใ |
๏ผ | ใใใค | ใชใใผใ | ใชใใใ | ใชใใใซ | ใชใใปใณใ | ใชใใซใ | ใชใใใ | ใชใใณใ | ใชใใใค | ใชใใพใ | ใชใใฐใ |
o’clock | hours | school period (1st period, 2nd period, etc) | days (length of time) | weeks | months (not the name of Month) | years | |
ๆ | ๆ้ | ๆ้็ฎ | ๆฅ๏ผ้๏ผ | ้ฑ้ | ใๆ | ๅนด๏ผ้๏ผ | |
1 | ใใกใ | ใใกใใใ | ใใกใใใใ | use another expression | ใใฃใใ ใใใ | ใใฃใใใค | ใใกใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
2 | ใซใ | ใซใใใ | ใซใใใใ | ใตใคใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใซใใ ใใใ | ใซใใใค | ใซใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
3 | ใใใ | ใใใใใ | ใใใใใใ | ใฟใฃใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใใใใ ใใใ | ใใใใใค | ใใใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
4 | ใใ | ใใใใ | ใใใใใ | ใใฃใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใใใใ ใใใ | ใใใใใค | ใใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
5 | ใใ | ใใใใ | ใใใใใ | ใใคใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใใใ ใใใ | ใใใใค | ใใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
6 | ใใใ | ใใใใใ | ใใใใใใ | ใใใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใใใใ ใใใ | ใใฃใใใค | ใใใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
7 | ใใกใ ใชใชใ | ใชใชใใใ | ใชใชใใใใ | ใชใฎใ๏ผใใ๏ผ ใชใฌใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใชใชใใ ใใใ | ใชใชใใใค | ใชใชใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
8 | ใฏใกใ | ใฏใกใใใ | ใฏใกใใใใ | ใใใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใฏใฃใใ
ใใใ ใฏใกใใ ใใใ | ใฏใกใใใค ใฏใฃใใใค | ใฏใกใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
9 | ใใ | ใใใใ | ใใใใใ | ใใใฎใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใใ ใใใ ใใใ | ใใ ใใใใค | ใใ ใใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
10 | ใใ ใใ | ใใ ใใใใ | ใใ ใใใใใ | ใจใใ๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใใ ใฃใใ ใใใ | ใใ ใฃใใใค | ใใ ใใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
11 | ใใ ใใใกใ | ใใ ใใใกใใใ | ใใ ใใใกใใใใ | ใใ ใใใกใซใก๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใใ ใใใฃใใ ใใใ | ใใ ใใใฃใใใค | ใใ ใใใกใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
12 | ใใ ใใซใ | ใใ ใใซใใใ | ใใ ใใซใใใใ | ใใ ใใซใซใก๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใใ ใใซใใ ใใใ | ใใ ใใซใใใค | ใใ ใใซใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
๏ผ | ใชใใ | ใชใใใใ | ใชใใใใใ | ใชใใซใก๏ผใใ๏ผ | ใชใใใ ใใใ | ใชใใใใค | ใชใใญใ๏ผใใ๏ผ |
In addition, students will be expected to recognise the following grammatical structures:
Form | Function/Use | Example |
๏ฝใใชใ / ๏ฝใซใชใ | expressing change in state | ใใใใใใชใใพใใ (ใadjective) ใใใใซใชใใพใใ (ใชadjective) ใใใๆฅใๅ ็ใซใชใใพใใ(noun) |
๏ฝใใใจใใใใพใ | relating your experience | ๆฅๆฌใซ่กใฃใใใจใใใใพใใใ |
๏ฝใใ | expressing a condition | ๆฅๆฌใซๆฅใใใใใฒใใใใใใฆใใ ใใใ |
FF + ใใใงใ | saying/reporting what you have heard | ใใ ใใใฏๆฅๆฌใซ่กใใใใงใใ (plain verb) ใใใฏใขใกใชใซใฎใใใใ ใใใงใใ (noun) ใตใๅฑฑใฏใใใใ ใใใงใใ (ใชadjective) ๆฅๆฌใฎใชใคใฏใใคใใใใงใใ(ใadjective) |
Base + ใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ | expressing what you have to do/ must do | ใใ ใใ ใใใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใ |
Base + ใชใใงใใ ใใ | requesting someone not to do something | ใใใพใง่กใใชใใงใใ ใใใ |