Here is the list of grammatical items you need to know for the NSW HSC Continuers’ course. If you click any word/phrase in blue, another page will open with relevant explanation.
1 Summary of forms of verbs and adjectives
Finite forms โ polite forms
Finite forms โ plain forms
1-dan verb | 5-dan verb | ใadjective | ใชadjective | noun | |
non past affirmative | ๏ฝใ ใในใ | ๏ฝ-u ใฎใ | ๏ฝใ ใใใใ | ๏ฝใ ใใใใใ | ๏ฝใ ๆฌใ |
past affirmative | ๏ฝใชใ ใในใชใ | ๏ฝ-aใชใ ใฎใพใชใ | ๏ฝใใชใ ใใใใใชใ | ๏ฝใงใฏ/ใใใชใ ใใใใใงใฏ/ใใใชใ | ๏ฝใงใฏ/ใใใชใ ๆฌใงใฏ/ใใใชใ |
non past negative | ๏ฝใ ใในใ | ๏ฝใ/ใ (follow ใฆform) ใฎใใ | ๏ฝใใฃใ ใใใใใฃใ | ๏ฝใ ใฃใ ใใใใใ ใฃใ | ๏ฝใ ใฃใ ๆฌใ ใฃใ |
past negative | ๏ฝใชใใฃใ ใในใชใใฃใ | ๏ฝ-aใชใใฃใ ใฎใพใชใใฃใ | ๏ฝใใชใใฃใ ใใใใใชใใฃใ | ๏ฝใงใฏ/ใใใชใใฃใ ใใใใใงใฏ/ใใใชใใฃใ | ๏ฝใงใฏ/ใใใชใใฃใ ๆฌใงใฏ/ใใใชใใฃใ |
volitional/conjecture | ๏ฝใใ ใในใใ | ๏ฝ-oใ ใฎใใ | ๏ฝใ ใใ ใใใใใ ใใ | ๏ฝใ ใใ ใใใใใ ใใ | ๏ฝใ ใใ ๆฌใ ใใ |
2 ๏ฝใฆ form (watch this video for how to convert a verb to its ใฆ form)
Form | Function/Use | Example |
๏ฝใฆ | linking ideas | ็บใซ่กใฃใฆใใใใ่ฆใพใ ใใ้ซใใฆใใใพใใใใงใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใ ใใ | requesting | ๆฉใๅธฐใฃใฆใใ ใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใพใ | expressing what you are doing | ใใฌใใ่ฆใฆใใพใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใฟใพใ | expressing what you try to do | ๆฅๆฌ่ชใ่ฉฑใใฆใฟใพใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใพใใพใ | expressing that you do something completely, or finish doing something | ใใใใ้ฃในใฆใใพใใพใใ ใใ ใใ ใใใใใใฆใใพใใพใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใฏใใใพใใ | forbidding | ใพใ ๅธฐใฃใฆใฏใใใพใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใใใงใ | giving permission | ใใๅธฐใฃใฆใใใใงใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใ | expressing a condition (even if) | ใใใใใญใฆใใพใ ใญใใใงใ ้ซใใฆใ่ฒทใใพใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใ | expressing when you do something (after) | ใใคใๅๅผทใใใฆใใใใฌใใ่ฆใพใ |
3 ๏ฝใฆ form and verbs of giving and receiving (giving/receiving/acknowledging a favour – watch this video for explanation)
Read Giving and Receiving โ ใใใพใ/ใใใพใ/ใใใใพใ first for the explanation of the basic concept of giving/receiving.
Form | Function/Use | Example |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใ ใใใพใ | expressing that a superior does you a favour | ๅ ็ใๆใใฆใใ ใใใพใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใใพใ | expressing that someone does you a favour | ๆฅๆฌใใๆฌใใใใฃใฆใใใพใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใใพใ | expressing that you do a favour for someone | ่ฒทใฃใฆใใใพใใใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใใใพใ | expressing that you receive a favour from someone | ๅใ ใกใซไฝใฃใฆใใใใพใใ |
๏ฝใฆ๏ผใใใ ใใพใ | expressing that you receive a favour from a superior | ๅ ็ใซใใใฆใใใ ใใพใใ |
4 ๏ฝใใ๏ฝใใใ๏ฝใใ forms (plain past form)
Form | Function/Use | Example |
๏ฝใ๏ผใปใใใใใงใ | offering advice | ๅๅผทใใใปใใใใใงใ |
๏ฝใ๏ผใใจใใใใพใ | relating your experience | ไบฌ้ฝใซ่กใฃใใใจใใใใพใใ |
๏ฝใ๏ผๅพ๏ผใง๏ผ | expressing when you do something (after) | ้ฃไบใใใๅพ๏ผใง๏ผใใฌใใ่ฆใพใใ |
๏ฝใใ ๏ฝใใ | expressing that you do various activities or that conditions alternate | ๆฅๆๆฅใซใฏๅฎถใงใใฌใใ ่ฆใใ, ๆฌใ่ชญใใ ใใใพใ ใใคใใฃใใใใใใใฃใใ, ใใใธใใงใ |
๏ฝใใ | expressing a condition | ใใใใชใใฃใใ่ใใฆใใ ใใ ใใใใใชใใฃใใ ้ฃในใชใใฆใใใใงใ |
5 Finite form (plain form non-past/past, affirmative/negative)
Form | Function/Use | Example |
FF๏ผใใใงใ | reporting what someone else said | ใใใฏๆฅๆฌใธๅธฐใใใใงใ ใใขใใใใใใใ ใใใงใ |
FF๏ผใคใใใงใ | expressing what you intend to do | ใใใ่กใใคใใใงใ |
FF๏ผๆ๏ผ ้๏ผๅ | expressing when you do something (when, while, before) | ็งใ่กใฃใๆใ… ๆฅๆฌใซใใ้ใ… ๅบใใใๅใ… |
FF๏ผใใ | comparing | ใใฌใใ่ฆใใใๆฌใ่ชญใใปใใใใฎใใใงใ |
FF๏ผใใใใใพใใ | indicating possibility | ใใใ่กใใใใใใพใใ |
FF๏ผใงใใใ | indicating probability | ้ชใซใชใใงใใใ |
FF๏ผใจ | quoting what someone said | ใใใฏใใใๆฅใใจ่จใใพใใ |
FF๏ผใใ | indicating purpose | ๅคงๅญฆใซๅ ฅใใใใซใใฃใใใใใใใๅๅผทใใพใ |
FF๏ผใใใซ | indicating purpose, result or requesting | ใใใใฒใใชใใใใซใใใใ้ฃฒใฟใพใใ ็งใซ้ป่ฉฑใใใใใซ่จใฃใฆใใ ใใ |
FF๏ผใ | linking statements or reasons | ๅฑฑ็ฐใใใฏใใใใใใใใพใใใใงใ |
FF๏ผNOUN (contact clause) | describing using a clause | ็ฐไธญใใใ่ชญใใ ๆฌ . .. ใใใ่ฆใใใใ . .. |
FF๏ผใฎ๏ผใใงใ | explaining, clarifying | ใใชใใใใใใใงใ |
FF๏ผใใกโ | expressing when you do something (while) | ้จใใตใใชใใใกใซๅธฐใใพใใใ |
FF๏ผใฎใซ โ | linking ideas (even though) | ใใใใฎใซใใไปไบใใงใใพใ |
FF๏ผใใใโ NOUN ๏ผใใใ โ ADJECTIVE๏ผใใใ โ | expressing how something appears | ใ ใใใใใใงใญใฃใณใใใใฆใใใใใใงใ ใใฎๅบใฏๅฎใใใใใงใ |
FF๏ผใฟใใ โ NOUN ๏ผใฟใใ โ | expressing how something appears | ้ชใซใชใใฟใใใงใใญ ใใใใฟใใใชใใ ใใฎใงใ |
6 verb stem
Form | Function/Use | Example |
[verb stem]๏ผใชใใ | expressing a command | ๆฌใ่ชญใฟใชใใ |
[verb/adjective stem]๏ผใใใงใ | expressing how something appears | ้จใใตใใใใงใ ใใใใใใงใใญ |
[verb stem]๏ผใใ | expressing how to do something | ใฑใผใญใฎไฝใใใใๆใใฆใใ ใใ |
[verb stem]๏ผใซใใใงใ | saying something is difficult to do | ใญใผใๅญใฏ่ชญใฟใซใใใงใ |
[verb stem]๏ผใใใใงใ | saying something is easy to do | ใฒใใใชใฏ่ชญใฟใใใใงใ |
[verb stem]๏ผใใใงใ | expressing what you want to do | ใฉใธใชใ่ใใใใงใ |
[verb stem]๏ผใซ | indicating purpose | ใใใใ่ฆใซ่กใใพใ |
[verb stem]๏ผใชใใ | indicating actions done simultaneously | ใฉใธใชใ่ใใชใใๆฐ่ใ่ชญใฟใพใ |
[verb/adjective stem]๏ผใใใพใ | indicating that something is excessive | ้ฃในใใใฆใใใชใใใใใใงใ ใใฎใจใใใฏ้ซใใใพใ |
[verb stem]๏ผใฏใใใพใ โ | indicating that you begin to do something | ใใใใใใฏใใใพใใ |
7 non-past plain negative ๏ผ๏ฝใชใ๏ผ๏ผBASE in the following table refers to the stem of the ๏ฝใชใ form)
Form | Function/Use | Example |
BASE ๏ผใชใใใฐ ใชใใพใใ | indicating necessity | ๅๅผทใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ |
BASE ๏ผใชใใฆใ ใใใงใ | indicating that you don’t have to do something | ่กใใชใใฆใใใใงใ |
BASE ๏ผใชใใง ใใ ใใ | requesting not to do something | ่ฑ่ชใง่ฉฑใใชใใงใใ ใใ |
BASE ๏ผใชใใง | linking ideas | ใใฌใใ่ฆใชใใงๅๅผทใใชใใ |
BASE ๏ผใชใใปใใ ใใใงใ | offering advice not to do … | ใ้ใๆใฃใฆๆฅใชใใปใใใใใงใ |
8 ๏ฝใฐ form
Form | Use | Example |
๏ผใใ๏ผ๏ฝใฐ โ | expressing a condition | ๆฉใ่กใใฐ้ใฏใใใงใใพใใ ๅฎใใใฐ่ฒทใใพใ |
9 potential verb (๏ฝeใ) (watch this video for explanation)
Form | Function/Use | Example |
[5-dan verb stem] ๏ผ-eใพใโ | indicating that you can do something | ๆผขๅญใงๆธใใพใ |
10 potential form (๏ฝใใใ)(watch this video for explanation)
Form | Function/Use | Example |
[1-dan verb stem] ๏ผใใใพใโ | indicating that you can do something | ใใใฟใ้ฃในใใใพใ |
11 volitional form (๏ฝใใ/๏ฝoใ๏ผ
Form | Function/Use | Example |
[๏ฝใใ/๏ฝoใ] ๏ผใจๆใใพใ | expressing an intention | ๆฅๆฌใธ่กใใใจๆใใพใ |
12 Particles (most of these are explained in this video)
Particle | Function/Use | Example |
ใฏ | topic marker contrast | ็งใฏ้ซๆ ก็ใงใ ๆฌใฏใใใพใใ |
ใ | subject subject in subordinate clause expressing likes, abilities | ็ถใใใ่จใใพใใ ใใใๆฅใๆใ… ใใใใๅฅฝใใงใ ๆฅๆฌ่ชใใงใใพใใ / ๆฌใ่ชญใใพใ |
ใฎ | possessive (of, ‘s) possessive pronoun adjectival locational optional alternative to ใ in adjectival clauses | ็งใฎๆฌใงใ ใใใฏใใฎไบบใฎใงใ ๆฅๆฌใฎ่ปใงใ ใคใใใฎไธใซใใใพใ ใใใใใใฎๆธใใๆ็ดใ่ชญใฟใพใใ |
ใซ | place of existence (in, at, on) destination (to, into, onto) indirect object point of time purpose | ใใใซๆฐ่ใใใใพใ ใใใ็บใซ่กใใพใ ๅ ็ใซใใใใฆใใ ใใ ไธๆๅใซ่กใใพใใใ ใใใใ่ฆใซ่กใใพใ |
ใธ | direction (to) | ๅณใธใพใใฃใฆใใ ใใ |
ใ | direct object place of motion (along, through) | ใณใผใฉใ้ฃฒใฟใพใ ใใฎ้ใใพใฃใใ่กใใพใ |
ใง | place of action by means of | ๅญฆๆ กใงใชใใใพใใ ใใฏใใง้ฃในใพใ |
ใจ | linking (and) | ๆฌใจใใฃใใ่ฒทใใพใใ |
ใ | linking (and etc.) | ๆฌใใใฃใใ่ฒทใใพใใ |
ใ | stating alternatives (or) with interrogatives | ไปๆฅใใใใใใพใใใ ใ ใใๆฅใพใใใ |
ใ | too, also both … and … neither … nor with interrogatives with quantitative words with interrogative + negative | ็งใ่กใใพใ ใฏใชใฑใใใใใใ ใใๅฅฝใใงใ ใใฌใใญใใใใพใใ ไฝใงใ้ฃในใพใ ไฝใใใ่กใใพใใ ๅฐใใใใใพใใ / ใ ใใๆฅใพใใ |
13 Words indicating extent
Word | Function/Use | Example |
ใใ | since, from (a point of time) since, from (a place) | ไธๆใใๅๆใพใงใงใ ใคใฟใชใขใใๆฅใพใใ |
ใพใง | until (a point of time) to, as far as (a place) | ใฒใใพใงๅใใพใ ้ง ใพใงๆญฉใใพใ |
ใใ | approximate point of time | ไธๆใใๅธฐใใพใ |
ใใใ๏ผใใใ | approximate amount/time/length | ไบ็พไบบใใใใใพใ |
ใใ | extent + negative (only) | ๅๅใใใใใพใใ |
ใ ใ | extent (only) | ไธไบบใ ใใงใ |
ใใ | comparative (then) | ่ปใฏใในใใๆฉใใงใ |
ใใกใฐใ | superlative (the most) | ใใใไธ็ชๅฅฝใใงใ |
14 Conjunctions (follow non-final verbs)
Conjunction | Function/Use | Example |
ใ | linking (but) | ใฒใใใชใฏ็ฅใฃใฆใใพใใๆผขๅญใฏ็ฅใใพใใ |
ใใ | cause (because, since) | ใคใใใใใใใใญใพใ |
ใฎใง | cause, reason (so) | ้จใใตใฃใใฎใง่กใใพใใใงใใ |
ใจ | conditional (when) | ้จใใตใใจใใใใใชใใพใ |
ใฎใซโ | linking (even though) | ้จใใตใฃใใฎใซ่กใใพใใ |
15 Nominalisers
Nominaliser | Function/Use | Example |
ใฎ | nominalisation of an adjective (the one) nominalisation of a verb (๏ฝing) | ่ตคใใฎใใใ ใใ ้ฃในใใฎใๅฅฝใใงใ |
ใใจ | can sometimes; there are occasions when… decide to … It is decided to … | ่กใใใจใใงใใพใ ่กใใใจใใใใพใ ่กใใใจใซใใพใ ่กใใใจใซใชใใพใ |
16 Sentence ending particles (most of these are explained in this video)
Particle | Function/Use | Example |
ใญ๏ผใญใ | tag question (isn’t it?) | ใใใๅคฉๆฐใงใใญ |
ใ | assuring gently persuading | ใใใใใใงใใ ใใใใซ่กใใใ |
ใ | question marker | ใ ใใงใใ |
ใฎ | soft question marker soft sentence ending | ใฉใใธ่กใใฎ๏ผ ใใใฏใใใๆฅใชใใฎ |
ใ | mild emphasis (feminine) | ใใใใ ใ |