If あんまり is used without a negative ending, it is a なadjective meaning “awful” or “unreasonable.” It usually follows phrases like “~なんて,” “~とは,””~って” or “~は.”
~なおす
直す itself is a transitive verb meaning “to mend,” “to correct,” etc. but it can be used after the stem of a verb and ~なおす means “to do ~ again” or “to re do ~.”
~など/~なんか/~なんて
~など、~なんか、~なんて all mean something like “such as ~,” “something like ~,” etc. This is my attempt to explain the differences among these three.
~ながら/~ながらも
Today’s ~ながら means “in spite of ~,” “although ~,” etc. The “~” part is usually a verb or phrase that describes a condition, rather than a momentary action.
~になれる
なれる(慣れる) is an intransitive verb that means “to get used to ~” or “(for something) to get familiarised with ~.” We usually use it in the form of …が ~に なれる.
~ないかなあ/~てくれないかな/~てもらえないかな/~ないかしら
I talked about ~なあ being used to express one’s wish but some wishes are expressed in the negative form of ~ないかなあ even though I am wishing for affirmative result
~な/~なあ
~な/~なあ is a sentence ending particle and used for softening an emotional statement, for an exclamation or to state the speaker’s wish.
~ども
~ども is like ~たち that changes a noun into plural but ~ども sounds a bit derogatory. For that reason, ~ども can be used for our own group as a humble expression.
~とも
~とも has the meanings of “all ~” or “inclusive of ~.” The kanji for that is 共 but in this meaning, we usually write it in Hiragana.
~とみえる/~とみえて
Today, I’m talking about ~とみえる which means almost the same as ~らしい. This ~とみえる follows a clause and it means “it seems ~.”
~とべつに/~とはべつに
~とべつに or ~とはべつに means “apart from ~” or “separately from ~.” This は is for showing contrast, so if you use は, “apart from” part gets emphasised.
~とはかぎらない
~とはかぎらない literally means “not limited to ~” and it’s used in “partial negation” which is often translated as “not always ~”, “not all are ~”, etc.
~とともに
~とともに means 2 things are “together” or “simultaneous.” They can be replaced with ~といっしょに, ~と同時(どうじ)に or ~につれて. Check the details here.
~とちゅう
とちゅう is a noun which refers to a point between the starting point and the ending point. It can be a location or a time, or “in the middle of doing something”
~とたん(に)
とたん is a noun meaning “the moment” or “the instant”. It can also be used after a past plain verb and ~とたん(に)… means “as soon as ~, … happens.”
~としても
If としても follows a predicate, it is an expression for “assumption,” and ~としても can be translated as “even if ~,” “although ~,” “supposing that ~,” etc.
~として/~としての/~としては/~としても
If the phrase として follows a noun, ~として means “in the capacity of ~” and can be translated as “as ~.” It’s different from when として is used with a verb.
~としたら、~とすると、~とすれば
~としたら、~とすると、~とすれば all are expressions to express an assumption. “Assuming ~, …” or “If ~, …” Here’s my attempt to explain the differences.
~とされている
~とされている is very similar to ~といわれている but it can also be used to describe well-accepted customs. Check the usage with examples here.
~とか
~とか is an expression to list examples. It is similar to ~や or ~など but ~とか is more casual and doesn’t get used in writing very often.