はじめて means “for the first time.” It can be used after a てform and that means “for the first time after ～” or “… not until ～.”
～たものだ
～たものだ is very similar to the English phrase “used to ～.” It is used for a custom and/or habit in the past which is no longer current.
～てはいけないから…/～といけないから…
～てはいけないから… is a combination of two grammar points ～てはいけない (must not) and ～から (because) and it means “in order to avoid ～.”
～てしょうがない
～てしょうがない is similar to ～てならない and is used when you have such a strong feeling or when a situation is so compelling that and cannot help but doing/feeling ～.
～てからでないと
～てからでないと states an important condition that needs to be fulfilled before the action/condition stated in the second part of the sentence to occur.
～ねばならぬ
～ねばならぬ is an archaic way of saying ～なければならない/～なければいけない/～ないといけない/～なくちゃ/～なきゃ. It expresses an obligation (“must” or “have to”).
～てならない
～てならない is used when you cannot help doing something because you have such a strong feeling or the situation is so compelling.
～ている場合じゃない
～ている場合じゃない is used when you want to urge somebody else (or yourself) to stop doing ～ (and to start doing something else). “It’s not the time to be doing ～.”
～っけ？
っけ？ is a very casual way of asking a question to confirm something you vaguely remember. It is rare to use it in a written passage.
～だらけ
～だらけ is usually used in a negative concept meaning “full of something unwanted” or “covered with something undesirable.” Check the usage here.
～てたまらない
たまらない is used to describe something that is unbearable or irresistible. It is very often used with the てform of an adjective.
Question words + も
Adding か after a question word makes it an indefinite pronoun like “some…”. Adding も makes it “any…” but you need to be careful combining with a particle.
Question words + か
If you add か after question words, いつ、どこ、だれ、なに、なぜ、どう, いつか、どこか、だれか、なにか、なぜか、どうか become an indefinite pronoun, sometime, somewhere, someone, etc.
～てすむ/～ですむ
すむ（済む） has a few meanings but if it is used after a てform verb/adjective or a noun + で, ～て/で すむ means “to be settled with/by ～” or “～ is enough to…”
～-aれる/～られる (passive)
～-aれる/～られる is the passive form of a verb which is like “I was laughed at.” Japanese passive is quite different of that in English. Read the explanation here.
～ため（に）(cause/reason)
We have learned ～ため（に） to express a purpose before but today’s ～ため（に） is for describing a reason or cause. Check out examples here.
～たまえ
～たまえ is a rather old fashioned expression used for a request. I hear ～たまえ used in prayers often but I don’t hear it in everyday conversations very often.
～たはず
～たはず describes an action which should have taken place but actually didn’t and ～たはず often implies the speakers surprise or regret.
～たところ
～たところ is an expression used to specify a time/occasion in the past when the speaker discovered something unexpected or contradictory to their anticipation.
～たつもり
つもり means an “intention”, but if つもり is used with a past tense verb, ～たつもり can express an assumption or conviction which may not necessarily true or real.
